Limit Of Human Rights In Africa

Limit Of Human Rights In Africa Culture, Gender, and Religion at the Limit of Human Rights in Africa.   The essay will focus on how culture, gender and religion limits human rights in Africa and how the three come into conflict which leads to discursively construct each other via cultural. It will also cover the potential and limitations of the womens rights as human rights in which, attension will be paid to Islamic law-sharia and some of it cases in Nigeria. The essay will also relate international human rights documents like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, African Charter on human and peoples rights, protocol to the African Charter on Human and peoples Rights of women in Africa, and Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam(sharia law) and conclusion. Legal Pluralism in Human Rights Law: The plurality of norms and values that exist in different African cultues and societies is also reflected within the human rights system itself. The human rights system embodies both individual and communal rights. The tension relationship between the principle of a groups right to self determination and cultural identity, asembodied in the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and Article 16.1 of the Womens convention, which puts an obligation on the states parties to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relationg to marriage and family relation. In the African context is whether the protection of group rights such as culture and religious identity of ethnic group, constitutes a justifiable reason for differential treatment of women and men in African. There has always been great arguement when interpreting the convention in relationa to African States parties, it should be born in mind that African and Western cultures apply different values and norm(Grannes 1994:28) This is because the implementation of Womens convention has proved to be particularly problematic in the area of personal and family law, where it comes into conflict with religious and customary laws and practices. Human Rights in African Over decades now, Africa have been ranked by international Human Rights organizationas like Human Right Watch, Ammesty International and International Crimenial Court as a continent where human rights violations are at it apex especially islamic countries, the violation of womens basic human rights are mostly done in the name of culture and religion.  [1]  After the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 in which pursuit of equal rights for women through international law has been fair from reach. The principle says that everyone is free and equal in diginity and eveveryone is entitled to rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex was started in Articles 1 and 2 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights  [2]  , African Charter by the Organization of African Unity (now African Unity) in 1986, Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Cairo Declaration o n Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1993. Anthropology as an academic discipline has embraced a predominantly ethical relativist stance toward the idea of human rights as a legitimate universal concern for all cultures. In the past years the rising prominence of womens rights as human rights has challenged this point of view. Within the context of the global womens human rights movement, feminist anthropologists are in the forefront of this challenge, striving to uphold anthropologys important focus on cultural context, while at the same time paying deep concern for harmful pracetics against women, with female genital mutilation in African no exception, which may be argued to be morally objectionable outside of any given culture. Human Rights is a very difficult phrase to define. Ones idea of humanity varies in every culture especially in African societies; discrepancies are often found even within a singular culture. Gender,Culture, Religion and social Causes a Barrie to Human Rights in Africa: Violence continues to affect lives of millions of women in African in all socio- legal, economic and educational classes. This is cuting across cultural and religious barriers, which impeding women from taking full participation in societies. One of the greatest barriers to womens economic advancement is violence they face on daily routine. Not only does such violence impede womens ability to live full and productive lives, it also hampers their contributions to family, society and economic development. Violance aganist women is one of the most visible consequences of economic, social, political, legal and cultural inequalities that exist between men and women in Africa, as a result the continent is laging behind the rest of the world  [3]  . Given the subordinate status of women in Africa, women are most exposed to ill treatments, physiological abuse, and physical violence, such gender violence is considered normal and enjoys social sanction. African continent is rich in cultural relativity(culture of discrimination) and norms, as a result it has showed a vital barrier to the implementation of the universal human rights act. A universal agreement among certain human rights provisions is not likely to occur, specifically when dealing with islamic countries in African where transition to more equal rights is most problematic, where elements of Sharia law governing the behaviour of women remain active. In extreme examples in Northern Nigeria, these ancient laws still declaims that adultery is a crime when only carried out by women, and makes it impossible for a man to be convicted of rape. In certain circumstances, conforming to human rights would signify a fundamental change in societies that the elite is not willing to undertake, fearing a potential change in the balance of power while the cultural norms remains unchanged. Violence against women in Africa comes in several forms discrimination, rape and Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), which the World Health Orgnazation (WHO) defines as comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The practice is mostly carried out by traditional circumcisers, who often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths. Increasingly, however, FGM is being performed by health care providers and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. It is nearly always carried out on minors and is a violation of the rights of children. The practice also violates a persons rights to health, security and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death. Despirte global efforts by World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) to combat the wild spred of FGM, it still remains donominant in Africa as a cultureal partices, which lives about 92 million girls age 10 years and above are estimated to have undergone FGM and three million girls are at risk annually  [4]  . The reasons behind female genital mutilation in Africa include a mix of cultural, religious and social factors within families and communities.In most African countries where FGM is a social convention, the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing is a strong motivation to perpetuate the practice. Traditions in African believes that FGM is often considered a necessary part of raising up process for girl(s), and a way to prepare them for adulthood and marriage life, it often motivated by beliefs about what is considered proper sexual behaviour, linking procedures to premarital virginity and marital fidelity and is also associated with cultural ideals of femininity and modesty, which include the notion that girls are clean and beautiful after removal of body parts that are considered male or unclean. The Africa Traditional Reglions (ATRs) is the only religion that fully support to the practice, practitioners often believe the practice has religious support, othe r religious leaders take active positions with regard to FGM: some still promote it, some consider it unimportant to religion, and others are still kicking against the idea. Potential and Limitations of Womens Rights as Human Rights Social and economic indicators for African countries consistently show that women bear the greatest brunt of hardship because of disciminatory lwas against them, efforts to modernise this discriminatory laws have been frustrated by deep-rooted cultural barriers that runs in opposite direction with developments . Women in Africa contribute in numerous ways to the national development of every country. They are responsible for nearly all household duties , starting from food productions and processing exercises. Often, women tend to be viewed not as individuals, but as part of the male-headed household with some unique needs of their own related to their preceived roles, if given the rigts they can be at the front line of major global issues. Women organizations in Africa and around world such as Formum for African Women Educationalist (FAWE) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) have been actively involve in using different approaches in seeing the the rights of women as stated in various international human rights docuents be met,their efforts are far from reach in Africa. Sharai Law: The word sharia means the path to a watering hole. It denotes an Islamic way of life that is more than a system of criminal justice. Sharia is a religious code for living, in the same way that the Bible offers a moral system for Christians. It is adopted by most Muslims to a greater or lesser degree as a matter of personal conscience, but it can also be formally instituted as law by certain states and enforced by the courts. Many Islamic countries have adopted elements of sharia law, governing areas such as inheritance, banking and contract law. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case One: Safiya Hussaini, age 35, was sentenced to death by stoning in October 2002 for allegedly having a child with a married neighbour. She had the child after her divorce, but maintained the father was her former husband and that they were married when the child was conceived. The court convicted her, but Hussaini won an appeal, this time alleging that she had sex out of wedlock before sharia law took effect. Sharai Law in Nigeria Case Two: In 2001, a teenage single mother was given 100 lashes for adultery, even though she argued she was raped by three men. The court said Bariya Ibrahim Magazu could not prove that the men forced her to have sex. Sexual discrimenation is transparent in this case, The Sharai law failed to bring the three men to book for raping, insisted all the blame was put on the woman alone. Sharai Law in Nigeria -Case Three: In 2002, Adama Unusua, who was 19 and pregnant, was recently sentenced to 100 lashes in public for having sex with her fiance.  [5]   International Human Rights Documents and Sharia Law in Africa: The African continent ratified international and regional human rights protection instruments, human rights violations such as discrimination against women persists widely both in law and practice.The international commettee remains particularly concerned by the currently violations of human rights in Africa especially the ones currently going on in North Africa andWest Africa(Ivory Coast). The persistence of discriminatory laws; lack of perfect harmonisation between statutory and customary laws and the application of Sharia laws constantly increase violence against women, including widowhood rites; and obstacles to access top employment opportunities leades tonor right in decision-making that even affects them.The Shariagoes in oppsite direction with all international and regional human rights documents, expect in the Cariro Declaration on Human Rights in Islam by the Organization of the Islam Conferencce in may 1993, which made provision in Article 2  [6]   Conclusion: Increase in the violation of huma rights in Africa is at it apex point, both the international and regional commeteer need to pay much attension to this issues, especially the violation of fundamental rights which are clearly speelts in all human rights documents with execption to Articule 2(c) p 4 of the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights.Womens rights must be respected by eliminating all form of discrimination against them, so that they can see themselves as partners in development in African.

Communication: Interviewer Essay

INTRODUCTION An interview is generally regarded as the kind of meeting which occurs when someone applies for a job. This is certainly an important kind of interview which many people encounter during their work life. All interviews need careful preparation, which should cover areas like, considering the purpose of the interview, gathering the necessary information, planning a suitable setting for the interview and thinking of the people who will be involved. Contaminants refer to those that which render impure or unsuitable by contact or mixture. There are various factors that contaminate the interview process. An effective interviewer is responsible for reducing the contaminants to the interview process. Most often, the greatest obstacle to an effective interview is the interviewer him/herself. The interviewer is supposed to focus on the subject as the person who will provide him with the information he seeks. The interviewer concentrates on establishing rapport, listening effectively, analyzing the subject verbal and non-verbal communication and grading how much or how little the subject is telling you. The aspects that are going to be covered include that which are caused by the interviewer and the person being interviewed and how they affect the interview process Some statistics suggest that as little as 10 to 20 percent of our communication is made up of our words, 30% by our sound while 60% is by body language. The greater influence will come as a result of non-verbal communication Circumstances the situation in which an exchange takes place has a lot to do with the impression you convey and thus the overall message which the other person receives, circumstances include factors such as the amount of preparation you have done for the discussion, whether you have arrived late for an interview, have not read relevant letters or papers. Whenever you arrange an interview or a meeting then make sure that the circumstances are such that there will be no interruptions, that you arrived on time and you have done the necessary preparations Arrangement of the room The interviewer should arrange the physical layout of the room so that the difference in ranks between him and the interviewer is empahsized.if on the other hand the two sit at the table or in easy chairs in a different room the air of equality will be created and it will impact negatively on the interview. Another essential point is that all participants should be able to see the other. Eye contact should be possible for everyone who takes part otherwise communication will be very limited and ineffective. Physical appearance ‘Dress like a professional and you are likely to be treated as one† (yate, 1986) the moment we set our eyes on someone, our minds make evaluations and judgments with lightening speed. The same is true for potential employers and employees. The interviewer should wear appropriate clothing for the interview, the interviewer can dress up or dress down too much.bussiness attire can send signals of formality and professionalism. Overdressing sets a serious mood which may contribute to stress on the part of the subject.one of the goals of the interviewer is to minimize stress and develop rapport. Appropriate attire vary from industry to industry, in all instances, our clothing are sending a message about our image, and the image we want to convey is one of reliability, trust and attention to detail. Grooming is important and it makes an important first impression about the interviewer’s attitude toward the subject†¦Ã¢â‚¬ how you dress makes an important statement not only about what you think of yourself but also how you regard the person or the people you are talking to†(sillars 1988) Most of us are far more adept at recognizing the dress mistakes of others than at spotting our own sartorial failings. When we do look for a second option, we often make the mistakes of asking only a loved one. It’s not that our loved ones don’t lack taste in clothing or attire, this people are more in tune with our positive qualities than the rest of the world and so, frequently, they do not recognize how essential it is to recognize those qualities in our dress. Better candidates for evaluation of your dress are trusted friends who have proved their objectivity in such matters. Hand written notes It might be at times advisable not to write down notes at the ties the individual tells the interviewer something sensitive. The interviewer might consider devoting his attention to the subject and writing down the sensitive information after the conversation has moved away from the sensitive area. As part of developing rapport, it might be best to at least initiate an interview without taking notes. This can enhance the communication process. If the circumstances dictate that the interviewer not take notes during the initial phase of the interview, the interviewer can review the relevant facts with the subject and make notes of those facts at the time of the review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ a lack of response clarity and poor grammar were  among the most often cited communication inadequacies observed during employment interviews† (Peterson, 1997) Multiple subjects or interviews The interviewer should not attempt to interview two or more people at a go unless there is no any other option. It is more difficult to control an interview with two or more subjects. One subject may be more embarrass themselves in front of a peer. The environment for confidential communication will adversely be affected. Unless there is a matter that requires two or more interviewers, it is advisable that one interviewer conduct the interview. It is not possible to establish rapport and the same level of confidence in two interviewers at the same time. Interview schedule and length The length and the number of times an individual may be interviewed sends signals to the balance of the group interviewed in situations where the interviewees are from the same organization As the interviews are conducted, factors such as the length of the interview, the sequence in which the individuals are interviewed and the number of times the interviewer conducts follow-ups may impact on the interview. Conclusion The main purpose of an interview is to get your views on a topic or to gain a general idea of how the interviewees view your company, organization or establishment. Giving a false impression will make the potential employees lose faith and trust that they had for that company and qualified candidates may turn down a job on the virtue of not having confidence in you. Sending the right nonverbal signals and showing interest without anxiety will convey a sense of involvement and commitment. Most often, the greatest obstacle to an effective interview is the interviewer him/herself. The interviewer is supposed to focus on the subject as the person who will provide him with the information he seeks. An effective interviewer is responsible for reducing the contaminants to the interview process. Everyone needs to be aware of the elements and the principals involved. The interviewer concentrates on establishing rapport, listening effectively, analyzing the subject verbal and non-verbal communication and grading how much or how little the subject is telling you. _References_ _Baran, (2004) introduction to mass communication, McGraw hill companies New York_ _Harter, nelson, Pearson, titsworth (2003) human communication, McGraw hill companies New York_ _Michael gamble, Teri gamble, (2002) how communication works, McGraw hill companies New York_ _Sillars (1988), success in communication, john Murray (publishers) ltd, London_ _Sillars (1981) communication rules ok! John Murray (publishers) ltd, London_ _Yate, (1986) great answers to tough interview questions 7th edition, kogan page limited, London_

Maritas Bargain Essay

Marita’s Bargain to be Success In this essay I am going to discuss the topic about to become a success Marita’s bargain by Malcolm Gladwell. Malcolm Gladwell talk about a young twelve years old Hispanic girl named Marita who come from a poverty stricken community single parent family at home in the New York city from the Bronx who has been deprived the opportunity for a better education from low income minority settings surrounding her. In addition Gladwell also talks about how Marita was given an opportunity to attend a KIPP school making a life changing sacrifice and more advantage of it. KIPP is that kind of school who stands for knowledge is power program, a learning academy helping low income family kids educate themselves through hard work, effort, more practice, dedication their time, weekend studies and also long term of schooling unlike those in the low income neighborhoods. Marita’s family could not give her or help her what she needed, so what does equ ality exist in the U.S? According to Malcolm Gladwell KIPP schools were designed to help educate low income family children to better their skill in reading, writing and mathematics. The KIPP schools would be inconvenient for kids without transportation weekend school that kids was not accustomed to summer vacation would be shortened for the kids educational development keeping their minds growing while others was out of school during that time. I think student not having a fair share at equal opportunity in the school system shows that their is no equality within U.S, we not asking to take away from the affected areas. From my opinion Jonathan Kozol would say to Gladwell about Marita needed to go to the KIPP School cause of she needs to get a better education system who comes from low income and uneducated family  background. To be a success of a student firstly he or she needs a big support from school. KIPP is that kind of school where students can learn feel free. They take care of their students specially who are weak in reading, writing and mathematics. KIPP shows students correct path and dedicate their knowledge, time to give them a better education by shortened summer vacation become success of a student in his student life to get a better educate. Marita’s mom was like that parent who asked everyday her daughter after coming back from school. Would be Kozol knew it that’s why he recommended Marita needs to go to KIPP for a better educate. On the other hand I would like to say from my concept about according to Prudence L. Carter would say to Malcolm Gladwell that Marita needed to go to KIPP school and to shed parts of her cultural identity because the KIPP is stablished in the poor neighborhood and most of the students are from the same neighborhood who are poor as well by so many ways. As like as low income family, single parent, uneducated environment, identical contingency etceteras etceteras. â€Å"Marita has had to do the same because the cultural legacy she had been given does not match her circumstance either- not when middle- and upper-middle-class families are using weekends and summer vacation to push their children ahead. Her community does not give her what she needs† the story of success by Gladwell (266). I would like to say specially the reason of above for what she needs to go to KIPP. Because KIPP is that kind of school to be a success of Marita what she needs KIPP can give her. The KIPPâ€℠¢s intention or aim is to make their students skilled and success in reading, writing and also in mathematics. According to Gladwell, I think it is kind of necessary someone be forced to shed their cultural identity in order to receive a great education. For example, the U.S commissioner of education published a report by Edward Jarvis on the â€Å"Relation of Education to Insanity† (253). I would like to say here relation of a light to darkness. If there is no darkness the light is valueless. I mean light only need when the dark is present. As like as the same relation to each other cultural identity to get a great education. A child grow up in a culture and he or she learn a lot from here about good- bad, their relation with other, their circumstance,  family status in the society, their identity and so on. A culture is the source of knowledge so it is very important to a child for his or her future life what depend on also to get a better education too. Here from my opinion also according to Malcolm Gladell everybody must have access to great education, one that prepares them for college and allows them to go to school near their homes in order to maintain a sense of their family and cultural identity. For example, specially their mental circumstance in the school. Because of the students known their city where the grown up and can show their friends the cool places. They do not have to worry about new places, new friends, environments and so on. Also unknown places has different identity than the home town. The students feel absence their family, friends, assist when the get sick etceteras. If the students live with their family in their home city whatever they need to get a big support and also get motivate from behind to do better and get a great education to the school a family and cultural identity can make them skillful and can over come any problem to conquer success. At last, I am very sure that dealing with this issue is really hard especially under this circumstance who grown up and try to be success in their life. The perfect environment is the priority advantage to become success and can give us necessary instruments in perfect time whenever we need to get better education. Not only that to become a successful in life every student hove to hard work, over efforting, dedicate their time, focus on the work, punctuality and so on then success truly comes.

The Impact Of Economic Growth Through The Process Of The...

M21 EFA YANG LIU 5289976 20/4/2015 The Impact on Economic Growth through the Process of the Financial Liberalization of Developing Countries Abstract: The purpose of this study was to show that the decisive factor in financial liberalization that financial development can stimulate economic growth. Three different components were analyzed. The first is that the by using the endogenous growth model to find the relationship between internal financial liberalization and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the theoretical components. The second portion includes an empirical study by using panel data to verify the theoretical relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and financial liberalization and. It covers a sample of 15 developing countries, enabling us to achieve three basic results. First, when the financial system is not liberalized, we noted that it has a negative effect on the growth of foreign direct investment per capita GDP. Second, when foreign direct investment is characterized implement them have a positive effect on economic growth of its financial industry in developed countries. This means that the key variable, which determines the degree of efficiency of FDI liberalization of the financial system. Therefore, foreign direct investment affect economic growth no liberalized financial system to challenge. Third, we found that the level of financial development is strategy variables and it has positive impact on growth. Key words:Show MoreRelatedPositive And Negative Outcomes Of Economic Globalization1635 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative outcomes of economic globalization, and the impact on developed and developing nations. The findings indicate a strong trend in the belief that developed countries dominate in the world of international trade, as there resources ensure a competitive advantage over poorer undeveloped nations. 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